Ocular discomfort mechanism: A comparison between digital screen use and UV light exposure

Background and Rationale: Vision is essential for daily functioning, and increasing digital screen use along with ultraviolet (UV) exposure has led to a rise in ocular discomfort and vision-related disorders. Digital eye strain (DES), or computer vision syndrome, affects both adults and children, with prevalence ranging from 5% to 65%, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. UV radiation contributes to acute and chronic ocular pathologies, including photo keratitis, pterygium, cataract and eyelid malignancies.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and peer-reviewed ophthalmology literature to synthesize evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and preventive strategies for DES and UV-related ocular disorders. 

Results: Digital eye strain causes primarily functional and reversible symptoms such as dry eye, eye strain, headache, and accommodative difficulties due to reduced blinking, tear film instability, and prolonged near work. In contrast, UV exposure leads to cumulative structural ocular damage through photochemical injury. Both conditions share mechanisms including oxidative stress and ocular surface disruption, and evidence supports ergonomic measures for DES and UV-protective strategies for prevention.

Conclusion: Ocular discomfort from digital screens and UV radiation presents distinct yet overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. While avoidance is impractical, risk mitigation through ergonomic optimization, visual hygiene, optical correction, and UV protection is effective. Integrating these strategies into clinical practice and public health initiatives is essential to preserve visual function and prevent cumulative ocular morbidity in contemporary society.